![]() ![]() ![]() We thus examine the function of global cities during a pandemic through a mobility lens, extending the approach that John Urry (2000) introduced in Sociology Beyond Societies: Mobilities for the Twenty-first Century, where he considered how the ever-increasing flow of people and objects in a borderless world generates new dynamics in both transportation and society. Among the many characteristics of global cities, the one most relevant to understanding a pandemic's diffusion, whether in Byzantium or Brooklyn, is the concentrated flow of people coming together into a hub of exchange. ![]() In many ways, the evidence that we analyze echoes an old story about the spread of disease that goes back to the ancient world's trading networks and nodes. This article considers the ways in which globalization and mobility have once again intersected to turn a majority of global cities into pandemic gateways. Our findings suggest the need to appreciate why global cities can serve as gateways of pandemic diffusion, while also seeking to understand why some did not function in this way.ġ. Global cities: pandemic gateways of the 21st century Hypermobility, which we demonstrate contributed to the mechanism by which global cities diffused COVID-19 initially, is also correlated with the global cities hierarchy, as supported by air travel data. This trend reached 90% in a subset based upon the urban hierarchy among global cities. Among our global cities sample, 75% served as the gateway through which COVID-19 was diffused within their respective countries. We demonstrate that most global cities followed a common pattern in the pace and intensity of COVID-19's spread during the first wave of the pandemic. To assess this transmission mechanism, we assembled data about the population and COVID-19 cases in global cities and their associated countries, comparing their infection rates on a fixed date. Our hypothesis is that global cities became the gateway by which COVID-19 was introduced to many countries through the hypermobility of infected international travelers. This article examines how mobility networks can turn global cities into Pandemic Gateways. The relationship between cities, globalization and mobility has produced recurring urban challenges over time. ![]()
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![]() This runeword is particularly great for assassins or paladins. you best option for a trapsin are +3 Traps / 40 IAS claws with 2 sockets larzuk and any 3 of: + lightning sentry. ![]() Scuttling across the floors of silent seas. To make a runeword that has 2 runes, in an item with 4 sockets, for example, you must insert 2. I should have been a pair of ragged claws. However, if you want to use this low-level runeword early on, you’ll have an easier time putting it in a blade than a shield. You can fill up the sockets before the rune with jewels. In the game, players put Spirit into swords and shields (particularly Monarch kite shields). It adds + 2 to all skills and a 25-35% faster cast rate. Often used by low-level and high-level players alike, Spirit is a great runeword all around. Shield-users like paladins, barbarians, and amazons particularly love Ancient’s Pledge. On Mount Arreat you get the proper runes to create Ancient’s Pledge which gives you +35% Fire, Lightning, and Poison Resistance, if not bonus Cold Resist and other defense stats. Ancient’s Pledge (Ral + Ort + Tal)ĭo you need bonus resistances? If so, then this is the best low-level runeword for you. Amazons are arguably the best bow-masters, so this runeword is life-changing for them. It boosts damage, defenses, attack speed, walking speed, and has a chance of casting a level 1 Twister. This is the best low-level runeword if you want a utilitarian champion. ![]() Every low-level bow and crossbow needs Zephyr. Although the runes will be destroyed, they can sometimes be much more easily replaced than the armor or weapon: for example, the runes needed for the Spirit Rune Word are very common but a Sacred Targe ( Paladin Only) with All Resistances +45 is much rarer. ![]() |
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